Santiago Chiva de Agustín dijo...
Hola. La inmigración tiene una cara humana; me ha gustado la movilización que -por encima de ideologías y creencias religiosas- han hecho en el Reino Unido el grupo “Strangers into Citizens”. Austen Ivereigh, su principal promotor ha explicado en Granada el pasado fin de semana cómo han logrado que los tres principales candidatos para la alcaldía de Londres de las municipales que se celebran –el conservador, el laborista y el liberal- apoyaran su propuesta, que la Cámara de los Comunes la haya discutido y que el partido liberal la haya hecho suya. Su planteamiento no es solidaridad ingenua sino puro pragmatismo británico: sacar del limbo legal en que se encuentran cientos de miles de personas que nunca podrán ser repatriadas por el inmenso coste que supondría. No es una tarea popular: la objeción que se le pone -el posible efecto llamada de una medida como ésta- es seria. Sin embargo la propuesta humanitaria es compatible con la fortaleza del Estado en el control de fronteras y contra la delincuencia. Un ejemplo de movilización ciudadana desinteresada del que los españoles podemos aprender mucho
martes, 4 de noviembre de 2008
jueves, 9 de octubre de 2008
Charla en el American Community Center
The Americas Community Centery American Intercontinental Universityinvitan a las Charlas de Productividad
Este Jueves 25 de Septiembre a las 6:30 p.m.
"COMO SOLUCIONAR PACÍFICAMENTE SUS CONFLICTOS PERSONALES"Sr. Oscar j. franco
Las disputas son parte de nuestro diario acontecer, afectan nuestras relaciones a todo nivel y muy especialmente en el plano personal.Los conflictos están considerados como cargados de negatividad , dividiendo a familias, hermanos, amigos, socios, etc., desgastando a las personas y destruyendo las relaciones.El objetivo de la charla es abordar la parte positiva del conflicto, como elemento que puede sertransformado, de acuerdo a la actitud con la cual se le enfrente. Analizaremos, el ciclo de escalada del conflicto y a quienes afecta, así como la comunicación como elemento primordial de resolución.Compartiremos las herramientas básicas de mediación de divorcio sin abogado y conciliación.
OSCAR J. FRANCO Abogado venezolano. Mediador y Árbitro certificado por la Corte Suprema de la Florida.Es mediador de los tribunales del condado de Broward, desde el 2000. Tiene una vasta experiencia como mediador de conflictos comerciales y de familia.Se especializa en mediar casos en los cuales la interculturalidad de las partes complica la resolución del conflicto.
Fecha: Este Jueves 25 de Septiembre
Lugar: American Intercontinental University2250 N Commerce Parkway Weston, Fl. 33326 Hora: 6:30 p.m.Salon: 335ENTRADA Y PARQUEADERO GRATIS !!!Para mas informacion comuníquese al: (954)607 3239
Los estudiantes que asistan y colaboren en la charla, se les otorgan 4 Horas Comunitarias.
The Americas Community Center Inc.2813 Executive Park Drive Weston, Florida 33331
Este Jueves 25 de Septiembre a las 6:30 p.m.
"COMO SOLUCIONAR PACÍFICAMENTE SUS CONFLICTOS PERSONALES"Sr. Oscar j. franco
Las disputas son parte de nuestro diario acontecer, afectan nuestras relaciones a todo nivel y muy especialmente en el plano personal.Los conflictos están considerados como cargados de negatividad , dividiendo a familias, hermanos, amigos, socios, etc., desgastando a las personas y destruyendo las relaciones.El objetivo de la charla es abordar la parte positiva del conflicto, como elemento que puede sertransformado, de acuerdo a la actitud con la cual se le enfrente. Analizaremos, el ciclo de escalada del conflicto y a quienes afecta, así como la comunicación como elemento primordial de resolución.Compartiremos las herramientas básicas de mediación de divorcio sin abogado y conciliación.
OSCAR J. FRANCO Abogado venezolano. Mediador y Árbitro certificado por la Corte Suprema de la Florida.Es mediador de los tribunales del condado de Broward, desde el 2000. Tiene una vasta experiencia como mediador de conflictos comerciales y de familia.Se especializa en mediar casos en los cuales la interculturalidad de las partes complica la resolución del conflicto.
Fecha: Este Jueves 25 de Septiembre
Lugar: American Intercontinental University2250 N Commerce Parkway Weston, Fl. 33326 Hora: 6:30 p.m.Salon: 335ENTRADA Y PARQUEADERO GRATIS !!!Para mas informacion comuníquese al: (954)607 3239
Los estudiantes que asistan y colaboren en la charla, se les otorgan 4 Horas Comunitarias.
The Americas Community Center Inc.2813 Executive Park Drive Weston, Florida 33331
lunes, 29 de septiembre de 2008
Immigration Study: 'Second Generation' Has Edge
Immigration Study: 'Second Generation' Has Edge
by Margot Adler
NPR
Weekend Edition Sunday, August 24, 2008 · In much of the debate over immigration, there is an underlying question: Are today's immigrants assimilating into the mainstream as easily as past generations?
The answer, at least in New York City, is an unqualified "yes," according to the results of a 10-year study involving more than 3,000 young men and women, most of them in their 20s.
John Mollenkopf, a professor at City University of New York and an author of the study, says that if you look at the children of immigrants, "the kids are doing well compared to their parents and also doing well compared to the native-born comparison groups."
The "second generation" project looked at five groups — Russians, Dominicans, South Americans, Chinese and West Indians — and compared them with U.S.-born whites, Puerto Ricans and African-Americans. Researchers found that most in the second generation were fluent in English and working in the mainstream economy. When they looked at economic and educational achievement, they found that West Indians were doing better, in general, than African-Americans; Dominicans were doing better than Puerto Ricans; and the Chinese and the Russians were doing as well as or better than native-born whites.
Because this is New York City and most study participants are the children of people who came to the United States 20 to 30 years ago, their parents either entered legally or found it relatively easy to obtain legal status even if they came illegally.
Legal immigration is more difficult today, and researchers note that this may well change the rate of assimilation. But for these five groups, "what we really find is a very rapid assimilation and becoming American," says Mary Waters of Harvard University, another author of the study, titled Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age, and recently published as a book.
Inheriting the City also uncovered cultural differences that may give the children of some immigrant groups certain advantages. Many members of this second generation interviewed for this story said their parents had pushed them to succeed academically. This is a common theme in immigrant families, even a stereotype.
Enia Titova, who came from Russia when she was 12, attended Stuyvesant, an elite New York public high school. "In a lot of Russian families, if you don't have a graduate degree, it is frowned upon," she says. "When you get a 96, parents want to know where the other four points went — that's the question, I think, in a lot of immigrant households."
But the researchers also found something unexpected: Some groups, such as Chinese immigrants, knew how to work the system more effectively than others.
"We interviewed one young woman whose mother worked in a garment factory and had very little education," Waters says. "She said her mother didn't even know what Stuyvesant was, but she knew from the other moms in the garment factory — I need to get my kid into this school."
Ling Wu Kong, who came from China when he was 2 and now attends law school, says Waters is correct. "Every time there is a student who maxes out on the SAT, their picture is prominently placed on the front page in the Chinese newspapers," he says. "They give you a pretty good idea of what to expect, so even for people whose parents don't speak English, they are able to navigate the system."
It's a little different for other groups.
Waters says researchers also met Dominican kids who had gotten into Stuyvesant, but whose parents didn't let them go to the school because they would have to take a subway and go across bad neighborhoods to get there.
Cristina Carpio's parents came from Ecuador. Now a medical student, Carpio says she went to Stuyvesant only after persuading her mother to let her go. "During the orientation week, my sister took me to Stuyvesant to ease my mother's fears," she says, adding that her sister told her mother, "Look, she knows how to take the subway, she knows how to do it on her own, she has to go to that school. There is no other way."
The study, funded by the Russell Sage Foundation, found that the children of immigrants in New York City had another big advantage: Many of them continue to live at home with their parents.
Carpio says that when she becomes an intern next year, "I will be moving back home because I can save money on the rent and pay for my loans." And Ling feels it wouldn't be right if he didn't go home. "There is this ideal in the Chinese community, when everyone lives together. I'm living at home now," he says, laughing.
by Margot Adler
NPR
Weekend Edition Sunday, August 24, 2008 · In much of the debate over immigration, there is an underlying question: Are today's immigrants assimilating into the mainstream as easily as past generations?
The answer, at least in New York City, is an unqualified "yes," according to the results of a 10-year study involving more than 3,000 young men and women, most of them in their 20s.
John Mollenkopf, a professor at City University of New York and an author of the study, says that if you look at the children of immigrants, "the kids are doing well compared to their parents and also doing well compared to the native-born comparison groups."
The "second generation" project looked at five groups — Russians, Dominicans, South Americans, Chinese and West Indians — and compared them with U.S.-born whites, Puerto Ricans and African-Americans. Researchers found that most in the second generation were fluent in English and working in the mainstream economy. When they looked at economic and educational achievement, they found that West Indians were doing better, in general, than African-Americans; Dominicans were doing better than Puerto Ricans; and the Chinese and the Russians were doing as well as or better than native-born whites.
Because this is New York City and most study participants are the children of people who came to the United States 20 to 30 years ago, their parents either entered legally or found it relatively easy to obtain legal status even if they came illegally.
Legal immigration is more difficult today, and researchers note that this may well change the rate of assimilation. But for these five groups, "what we really find is a very rapid assimilation and becoming American," says Mary Waters of Harvard University, another author of the study, titled Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age, and recently published as a book.
Inheriting the City also uncovered cultural differences that may give the children of some immigrant groups certain advantages. Many members of this second generation interviewed for this story said their parents had pushed them to succeed academically. This is a common theme in immigrant families, even a stereotype.
Enia Titova, who came from Russia when she was 12, attended Stuyvesant, an elite New York public high school. "In a lot of Russian families, if you don't have a graduate degree, it is frowned upon," she says. "When you get a 96, parents want to know where the other four points went — that's the question, I think, in a lot of immigrant households."
But the researchers also found something unexpected: Some groups, such as Chinese immigrants, knew how to work the system more effectively than others.
"We interviewed one young woman whose mother worked in a garment factory and had very little education," Waters says. "She said her mother didn't even know what Stuyvesant was, but she knew from the other moms in the garment factory — I need to get my kid into this school."
Ling Wu Kong, who came from China when he was 2 and now attends law school, says Waters is correct. "Every time there is a student who maxes out on the SAT, their picture is prominently placed on the front page in the Chinese newspapers," he says. "They give you a pretty good idea of what to expect, so even for people whose parents don't speak English, they are able to navigate the system."
It's a little different for other groups.
Waters says researchers also met Dominican kids who had gotten into Stuyvesant, but whose parents didn't let them go to the school because they would have to take a subway and go across bad neighborhoods to get there.
Cristina Carpio's parents came from Ecuador. Now a medical student, Carpio says she went to Stuyvesant only after persuading her mother to let her go. "During the orientation week, my sister took me to Stuyvesant to ease my mother's fears," she says, adding that her sister told her mother, "Look, she knows how to take the subway, she knows how to do it on her own, she has to go to that school. There is no other way."
The study, funded by the Russell Sage Foundation, found that the children of immigrants in New York City had another big advantage: Many of them continue to live at home with their parents.
Carpio says that when she becomes an intern next year, "I will be moving back home because I can save money on the rent and pay for my loans." And Ling feels it wouldn't be right if he didn't go home. "There is this ideal in the Chinese community, when everyone lives together. I'm living at home now," he says, laughing.
Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in USA
Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States
by Jacob L. Vigdor
Executive Summary
This report introduces a quantitative index that measures the degree of similarity between native- and foreign-born adults in the United States. It is the ability to distinguish the latter group from the former that we mean when we use the term “assimilation.” The Index of Immigrant Assimilation relies on Census Bureau data available in some form since 1900 and as current as the year before last. The index reveals great diversity in the experiences of individual immigrant groups, which differ from each other almost as much as they differ from the native-born. They vary significantly in the extent to which their earnings have increased, their rate of learning the English language, and progress toward citizenship. Mexican immigrants, the largest group and the focus of most current immigration policy debates, have assimilated slowly, but their experience is not representative of the entire immigrant population.
Collective assimilation rates are lower than they were a century ago, although no lower than they have been in recent decades. And this is true despite the fact that recent immigrants have arrived less assimilated than their predecessors and in very large numbers. In addition to country of origin, the Index categorizes groups on the basis of date of arrival, age, and place of residence. Some groups have done far better or worse than the Index as a whole; Assimilation also varies considerably across metropolitan areas.
Here are some of the Index's significant findings:
The degree of similarity between the native- and foreign-born, although low by historical standards, has held steady since 1990. Assimilation declined during the 1980s, remained stable through the 1990s, and has actually increased slightly over the past few years.
Beyond presenting a snapshot of the degree of similarity between the native- and foreign-born, the assimilation index can be used to track the progress of immigrants who arrived in the United States at a common point in time. This simple extension shows that the relative stability of immigrant assimilation since 1990 masks two important and countervailing trends.
Newly arrived immigrants of the early 21st century have assimilation index values lower than the newly arrived immigrants of the early 20th century. Growth in the immigrant population usually lowers the assimilation index because newly arrived immigrants drag down the average for the group as a whole. This phenomenon can be seen between 1900 and 1920 and again in the 1980s. The stability of the assimilation index since 1990 is therefore remarkable in light of the rapid growth of the immigrant population, which doubled between 1990 and 2006.
Immigrants of the past quarter-century have assimilated more rapidly than their counterparts of a century ago, even though they are more distinct from the native population upon arrival. The increase in the rate of assimilation among recently arrived immigrants explains why the overall index has remained stable, even though the immigrant population has grown rapidly.
Yet the current level of assimilation remains lower than it was at any point during the early 20th century wave of immigration.
The assimilation index can be decomposed along several other dimensions. The overall, or composite, index is based on a series of economic, cultural, and civic factors. These sets of factors can be examined in isolation to produce three component indices. The economic index compares the labor force, educational attainment, and home ownership patterns of the foreign- and native-born. The cultural index focuses on English-speaking ability, marriage, and childbearing patterns. The civic index examines naturalization rates and compares the military service patterns of the foreign- and native-born. Separate analysis of these three dimensions of assimilation reveals that they do not increase in lockstep as immigrants spend more time in the United States.
Economic and civic assimilation often occurs without significant cultural assimilation. It is common for immigrant cohorts to naturalize and enjoy integration into the economic mainstream without posting many gains along cultural dimensions.
Immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1995 are culturally assimilating more rapidly than their predecessors. The increased rate of overall assimilation shown by cohorts of recent arrivals can be traced in part to this pattern of relatively rapid cultural assimilation.
The assimilation index can be computed for individual country-of-origin groups, or for sets of immigrants who live in a particular city or region. Disaggregation by country of origin reveals important differences in the experiences of immigrants born in different parts of the world.
Immigrants from developed countries are not necessarily more assimilated. Immigrants born in Korea, which the World Bank classifies as a high-income country, have a collective assimilation index value lower than that of immigrants from Cuba or the Philippines, which are classified as low-income countries. Several factors can explain this pattern, among them the fact that immigrants from developed countries do not necessarily become naturalized citizens more rapidly than those from the developing world. The United States often attracts immigrants who belonged to the economic elite of their origin country.
Immigrants from Vietnam, Cuba, and the Philippines enjoy some of the highest rates of assimilation. However, these groups assimilate more rapidly in some respects than others. For example, they are far more assimilated economically than they are culturally. Curiously, all of the countries mentioned have experienced U.S. military occupation.
Mexican immigrants experience very low rates of economic and civic assimilation. Immigrants born in Mexico, particularly those living and working in the United States illegally, lie at the heart of many current debates over immigration policy. The assimilation index shows that immigrants from Mexico are very distinct from the native-born upon arrival and assimilate slowly over time. The slow rates of economic and civic assimilation set Mexicans apart from other immigrants, and may reflect the fact that the large numbers of Mexican immigrants residing in the United States illegally have few opportunities to advance themselves along these dimensions.
Mexican immigrants experience relatively normal rates of cultural assimilation. Recent cohorts of Mexican immigrants have increased their rate of cultural assimilation just as immigrants born in other nations have done.
A specialized version of the assimilation index can be computed for foreign-born adolescents and young adults who came to the United States as young children and received their formal education exclusively in this country. This version of the assimilation index also reveals interesting patterns.
The foreign-born children of immigrants continue to bear a strong resemblance to their native-born counterparts. Although many members of this group are not naturalized citizens, they are difficult to distinguish from the native-born along other dimensions.
Immigrant children born in Mexico are more distinct than immigrant children born in other foreign nations. This distinction is most obvious in terms of comparative naturalization rates, but extends to other dimensions as well. Mexican adolescents are imprisoned at rates approximately 80 percent greater than immigrant adolescents generally.
Naturalization rates among the foreign-born children of immigrants have been increasing. In this respect, the behavior of foreign-born, domestically educated immigrants resembles that of their parents educated abroad.
Disaggregation by metropolitan area reveals widely varying rates of assimilation, due largely to the different combinations of immigrant groups that reside in each and the different characteristics of those groups.
Polyethnic New York City, which still attracts large numbers of European immigrants, has the second-highest assimilation index value among the metropolitan areas defined.
San Diego, despite its proximity to the Mexican border, has the highest.
The methodology used to compute the assimilation index is outlined in the report and reviewed extensively in a more technical appendix. The method has been designed to take advantage of more than a century’s worth of historical data on the status of immigrants in the United States, made available to the public by the United States Census Bureau, and to provide the opportunity for annual updates.
The assimilation index points to marks of success, to encouraging recent trends, and also to areas of concern. Within these areas of concern, the index provides some insight into the nature of the problem and the universe of appropriate potential policy responses. It is important to note, however, that this report neither proposes nor endorses any policy responses. Its sole purpose is to present information in a manner useful to concerned citizens and policymakers who hope to make informed decisions regarding the proper course of action.
About the Author
Jacob Vigdor is Associate Professor of Public Policy Studies and Economics at Duke University, where he has taught since 1999, and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He received a B.S. in Policy Analysis from Cornell University in 1994 and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1999.
by Jacob L. Vigdor
Executive Summary
This report introduces a quantitative index that measures the degree of similarity between native- and foreign-born adults in the United States. It is the ability to distinguish the latter group from the former that we mean when we use the term “assimilation.” The Index of Immigrant Assimilation relies on Census Bureau data available in some form since 1900 and as current as the year before last. The index reveals great diversity in the experiences of individual immigrant groups, which differ from each other almost as much as they differ from the native-born. They vary significantly in the extent to which their earnings have increased, their rate of learning the English language, and progress toward citizenship. Mexican immigrants, the largest group and the focus of most current immigration policy debates, have assimilated slowly, but their experience is not representative of the entire immigrant population.
Collective assimilation rates are lower than they were a century ago, although no lower than they have been in recent decades. And this is true despite the fact that recent immigrants have arrived less assimilated than their predecessors and in very large numbers. In addition to country of origin, the Index categorizes groups on the basis of date of arrival, age, and place of residence. Some groups have done far better or worse than the Index as a whole; Assimilation also varies considerably across metropolitan areas.
Here are some of the Index's significant findings:
The degree of similarity between the native- and foreign-born, although low by historical standards, has held steady since 1990. Assimilation declined during the 1980s, remained stable through the 1990s, and has actually increased slightly over the past few years.
Beyond presenting a snapshot of the degree of similarity between the native- and foreign-born, the assimilation index can be used to track the progress of immigrants who arrived in the United States at a common point in time. This simple extension shows that the relative stability of immigrant assimilation since 1990 masks two important and countervailing trends.
Newly arrived immigrants of the early 21st century have assimilation index values lower than the newly arrived immigrants of the early 20th century. Growth in the immigrant population usually lowers the assimilation index because newly arrived immigrants drag down the average for the group as a whole. This phenomenon can be seen between 1900 and 1920 and again in the 1980s. The stability of the assimilation index since 1990 is therefore remarkable in light of the rapid growth of the immigrant population, which doubled between 1990 and 2006.
Immigrants of the past quarter-century have assimilated more rapidly than their counterparts of a century ago, even though they are more distinct from the native population upon arrival. The increase in the rate of assimilation among recently arrived immigrants explains why the overall index has remained stable, even though the immigrant population has grown rapidly.
Yet the current level of assimilation remains lower than it was at any point during the early 20th century wave of immigration.
The assimilation index can be decomposed along several other dimensions. The overall, or composite, index is based on a series of economic, cultural, and civic factors. These sets of factors can be examined in isolation to produce three component indices. The economic index compares the labor force, educational attainment, and home ownership patterns of the foreign- and native-born. The cultural index focuses on English-speaking ability, marriage, and childbearing patterns. The civic index examines naturalization rates and compares the military service patterns of the foreign- and native-born. Separate analysis of these three dimensions of assimilation reveals that they do not increase in lockstep as immigrants spend more time in the United States.
Economic and civic assimilation often occurs without significant cultural assimilation. It is common for immigrant cohorts to naturalize and enjoy integration into the economic mainstream without posting many gains along cultural dimensions.
Immigrants who arrived in the United States after 1995 are culturally assimilating more rapidly than their predecessors. The increased rate of overall assimilation shown by cohorts of recent arrivals can be traced in part to this pattern of relatively rapid cultural assimilation.
The assimilation index can be computed for individual country-of-origin groups, or for sets of immigrants who live in a particular city or region. Disaggregation by country of origin reveals important differences in the experiences of immigrants born in different parts of the world.
Immigrants from developed countries are not necessarily more assimilated. Immigrants born in Korea, which the World Bank classifies as a high-income country, have a collective assimilation index value lower than that of immigrants from Cuba or the Philippines, which are classified as low-income countries. Several factors can explain this pattern, among them the fact that immigrants from developed countries do not necessarily become naturalized citizens more rapidly than those from the developing world. The United States often attracts immigrants who belonged to the economic elite of their origin country.
Immigrants from Vietnam, Cuba, and the Philippines enjoy some of the highest rates of assimilation. However, these groups assimilate more rapidly in some respects than others. For example, they are far more assimilated economically than they are culturally. Curiously, all of the countries mentioned have experienced U.S. military occupation.
Mexican immigrants experience very low rates of economic and civic assimilation. Immigrants born in Mexico, particularly those living and working in the United States illegally, lie at the heart of many current debates over immigration policy. The assimilation index shows that immigrants from Mexico are very distinct from the native-born upon arrival and assimilate slowly over time. The slow rates of economic and civic assimilation set Mexicans apart from other immigrants, and may reflect the fact that the large numbers of Mexican immigrants residing in the United States illegally have few opportunities to advance themselves along these dimensions.
Mexican immigrants experience relatively normal rates of cultural assimilation. Recent cohorts of Mexican immigrants have increased their rate of cultural assimilation just as immigrants born in other nations have done.
A specialized version of the assimilation index can be computed for foreign-born adolescents and young adults who came to the United States as young children and received their formal education exclusively in this country. This version of the assimilation index also reveals interesting patterns.
The foreign-born children of immigrants continue to bear a strong resemblance to their native-born counterparts. Although many members of this group are not naturalized citizens, they are difficult to distinguish from the native-born along other dimensions.
Immigrant children born in Mexico are more distinct than immigrant children born in other foreign nations. This distinction is most obvious in terms of comparative naturalization rates, but extends to other dimensions as well. Mexican adolescents are imprisoned at rates approximately 80 percent greater than immigrant adolescents generally.
Naturalization rates among the foreign-born children of immigrants have been increasing. In this respect, the behavior of foreign-born, domestically educated immigrants resembles that of their parents educated abroad.
Disaggregation by metropolitan area reveals widely varying rates of assimilation, due largely to the different combinations of immigrant groups that reside in each and the different characteristics of those groups.
Polyethnic New York City, which still attracts large numbers of European immigrants, has the second-highest assimilation index value among the metropolitan areas defined.
San Diego, despite its proximity to the Mexican border, has the highest.
The methodology used to compute the assimilation index is outlined in the report and reviewed extensively in a more technical appendix. The method has been designed to take advantage of more than a century’s worth of historical data on the status of immigrants in the United States, made available to the public by the United States Census Bureau, and to provide the opportunity for annual updates.
The assimilation index points to marks of success, to encouraging recent trends, and also to areas of concern. Within these areas of concern, the index provides some insight into the nature of the problem and the universe of appropriate potential policy responses. It is important to note, however, that this report neither proposes nor endorses any policy responses. Its sole purpose is to present information in a manner useful to concerned citizens and policymakers who hope to make informed decisions regarding the proper course of action.
About the Author
Jacob Vigdor is Associate Professor of Public Policy Studies and Economics at Duke University, where he has taught since 1999, and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He received a B.S. in Policy Analysis from Cornell University in 1994 and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1999.
martes, 16 de septiembre de 2008
Feria de la salud. Celebrando la herencia hipana
Acompanen a la organizacion Mujeres Latinas Impulsando a Mujeres Latinas, a celebrar el mes de la Hispanidad en una Feria de Salud Latina, a celebrarse el sabado 4 de octubre 2008, (10 am a 2pm) en el Broward Health Weston, Florida, 2300 N. Commerce Parkway, Weston, FL 333326.
Brindaran informacion sobre las distintas alternativas para lograr una mejor calidad de vida.
Es un evento gratuito, donde podran realizar examenes y prueba de salud, como presion arterial, colesterol, diabetes, optica y enfermedad de alzheimer.
Descuentos en examenes de mamografia y densidad osea.
Informacion sobre productos y servicios en la Florida.
Brindaran informacion sobre las distintas alternativas para lograr una mejor calidad de vida.
Es un evento gratuito, donde podran realizar examenes y prueba de salud, como presion arterial, colesterol, diabetes, optica y enfermedad de alzheimer.
Descuentos en examenes de mamografia y densidad osea.
Informacion sobre productos y servicios en la Florida.
miércoles, 3 de septiembre de 2008
El nativismo en EEUU
El nativismo en EEUU
OSCAR J. FRANCO O.
Desde el punto de vista inmigratorio, el término nativismo se basa en que únicamente las personas nacidas en un determinado país pueden ser considerados ciudadanos de dicha nación. El nativismo no es nuevo en la historia de la humanidad, por el contrario ha sido motivo de atrincheramiento de culturas y civilizaciones.
En la historia de Estados Unidos el nativismo ha sido recurrentemente esgrimido como argumento antiinmigratorio. En el siglo XIX, los nativistas eran esencialmente los ciudadanos blancos y protestantes. En este siglo, el movimiento nativista comprende sectores de la población, comúnmente denominados WASP, es decir, blancos, anglosajones y protestantes, pero se le han sumados otros grupos étnicos, diferentes ya sea por raza o creencia religiosa, pero que comparten la idea de que sólo se puede considerar ciudadanos a aquellos que hayan nacido en este país.
Corrientes extremistas inclusive les niegan la ciudadanía a los hijos aquí nacidos de los inmigrantes ilegales. Los llaman anchor babies, literalmente ''bebés anclas'', alegando que las madres vienen a este país con el propósito de dar a luz y acogerse a los supuestos beneficios que les proporciona tener progenie con ciudadanía americana.
Afortunadamente, el sector de la población empecinado en el nativismo es muy reducido, sin embargo tienen poderosas conexiones que les facilitan propagar sus ideas.
En este país han ocurrido varios ciclos nativistas los cuales coinciden con las diferentes olas inmigratorias. Crisis económicas y sociales mundiales han obligado a grandes sectores poblacionales a emigrar, como fue el caso de la hambruna de la papa, en el siglo XIX, que hostigó a Europa, especialmente a Irlanda, y que motivó una importante inmigración irrestricta a Estados Unidos. Resaltamos que los repuntes de las tendencias nativistas se observan en momentos en que los países sufren crisis económicas, culturales, políticas o religiosas.
Chinos, escandinavos, alemanes, italianos, polacos y otros grupos aumentaron la población de este país durante más de 100 años. En su momento, como control, se establecieron leyes limitativas como el Chinese Exclusion Act de 1880, con cuotas inmigratorias, como el National Origin Act (1921).
La corriente antiinmigratoria se acrecienta cada vez que un nuevo grupo intenta echar raíces en estas tierras; los que llegaron anteriormente y ya se han anclado, resisten y hacen todo lo posible por mitigar mediante leyes la entrada de inmigrantes, y de ser posible cerrarla.
Los argumentos del nativismo han sido tradicionalmente básicamente los mismos, tales como que los inmigrantes ocupan las fuentes de trabajo de los nativos, causan desempleo, traen enfermedades ya erradicadas, tienen creencias religiosas distintas a las tradicionales mayoritarias, encarecen la seguridad social, abarrotan los hospitales sin poder pagar los servicios médicos, aumentan sensiblemente los índices de criminalidad y los hijos colapsan el sistema educativo. Afortunadamente, los ataques nativistas contra todos los grupos de inmigrantes que ya mencionamos fracasaron.
Sin embargo, en la actualidad preocupa que, aunque en minoría, descendientes de aquellos inmigrantes que en su oportunidad fueron objeto de prejuicios luchan duramente contra la inmigración principalmente hispana, especialmente la mexicana. Los mexicanos constituyen la mitad de los aproximadamente 12 millones de inmigrantes indocumentados, así como más de la mitad de los 45 millones de inmigrantes que vivimos en este país.
Además del rechazo a la obvia ilegalidad de quienes, por las razones que sean, entran al país o se quedan, quebrantando las leyes, se suman las ideas que enfatizan el riesgo de la infiltración terrorista, la incapacidad de aprender inglés, la transculturización del país por la influencia de la cultura latina y especialmente la influencia mexicana, como elemento de desestabilización de los valores, costumbres e ideologías propias de la nación desde su nacimiento en 1776.
Los nativistas se oponen frontalmente a soluciones inmigratorias coherentes pese a que este país se presenta al mundo como un icono de la igualdad de sus ciudadanos, democracia, libertad; sin importar raza, color ni credo. Diversos estudios llegan a la conclusión de que los temores de que la inmigración hispana representa un gravísimo peligro para la cultura y la población americanas no tienen fundamento.
La repetida idea de que los hijos de los inmigrantes hispanos no aprenden el idioma ni se integran a esta sociedad fue objeto de una importante investigación, recientemente publicada por el Center for Urban Research, de Nueva York, en el libro Inheriting the City. El estudio duró 10 años y se denominó Proyecto Segunda Generación. Durante ese periodo se analizaron a 3,000 jóvenes nacidos en Nueva York, la mayoría entre 20 y 30 años de edad, divididos en 5 grupos: rusos, sudamericanos, chinos e hindúes, comparándolos con ciudadanos americanos blancos, puertorriqueños y afroamericanos. La investigación demostró que la inmensa mayoría domina el inglés como lengua materna y se ha integrado totalmente a la cultura norteamericana.
La diferencia más palpable entre los dos grupos fue que los hijos de inmigrantes absorbieron los mejores valores de las culturas de origen de sus padres, añadiéndoselo a la educación que recibieron en este país, una excelente combinación.
Por otra parte, la plañida idea de que los hispanos no sienten a Estados Unidos como su patria, no sólo ha sido contrariada por los estudios sociológicos, sino por los miles de hombres y mujeres latinos que voluntariamente han ingresado al ejército para defender esta nación frente al terrorismo que vilmente atacó el 11 de septiembre del 2001.
ofmediator@hotmail.com
OSCAR J. FRANCO O.
Desde el punto de vista inmigratorio, el término nativismo se basa en que únicamente las personas nacidas en un determinado país pueden ser considerados ciudadanos de dicha nación. El nativismo no es nuevo en la historia de la humanidad, por el contrario ha sido motivo de atrincheramiento de culturas y civilizaciones.
En la historia de Estados Unidos el nativismo ha sido recurrentemente esgrimido como argumento antiinmigratorio. En el siglo XIX, los nativistas eran esencialmente los ciudadanos blancos y protestantes. En este siglo, el movimiento nativista comprende sectores de la población, comúnmente denominados WASP, es decir, blancos, anglosajones y protestantes, pero se le han sumados otros grupos étnicos, diferentes ya sea por raza o creencia religiosa, pero que comparten la idea de que sólo se puede considerar ciudadanos a aquellos que hayan nacido en este país.
Corrientes extremistas inclusive les niegan la ciudadanía a los hijos aquí nacidos de los inmigrantes ilegales. Los llaman anchor babies, literalmente ''bebés anclas'', alegando que las madres vienen a este país con el propósito de dar a luz y acogerse a los supuestos beneficios que les proporciona tener progenie con ciudadanía americana.
Afortunadamente, el sector de la población empecinado en el nativismo es muy reducido, sin embargo tienen poderosas conexiones que les facilitan propagar sus ideas.
En este país han ocurrido varios ciclos nativistas los cuales coinciden con las diferentes olas inmigratorias. Crisis económicas y sociales mundiales han obligado a grandes sectores poblacionales a emigrar, como fue el caso de la hambruna de la papa, en el siglo XIX, que hostigó a Europa, especialmente a Irlanda, y que motivó una importante inmigración irrestricta a Estados Unidos. Resaltamos que los repuntes de las tendencias nativistas se observan en momentos en que los países sufren crisis económicas, culturales, políticas o religiosas.
Chinos, escandinavos, alemanes, italianos, polacos y otros grupos aumentaron la población de este país durante más de 100 años. En su momento, como control, se establecieron leyes limitativas como el Chinese Exclusion Act de 1880, con cuotas inmigratorias, como el National Origin Act (1921).
La corriente antiinmigratoria se acrecienta cada vez que un nuevo grupo intenta echar raíces en estas tierras; los que llegaron anteriormente y ya se han anclado, resisten y hacen todo lo posible por mitigar mediante leyes la entrada de inmigrantes, y de ser posible cerrarla.
Los argumentos del nativismo han sido tradicionalmente básicamente los mismos, tales como que los inmigrantes ocupan las fuentes de trabajo de los nativos, causan desempleo, traen enfermedades ya erradicadas, tienen creencias religiosas distintas a las tradicionales mayoritarias, encarecen la seguridad social, abarrotan los hospitales sin poder pagar los servicios médicos, aumentan sensiblemente los índices de criminalidad y los hijos colapsan el sistema educativo. Afortunadamente, los ataques nativistas contra todos los grupos de inmigrantes que ya mencionamos fracasaron.
Sin embargo, en la actualidad preocupa que, aunque en minoría, descendientes de aquellos inmigrantes que en su oportunidad fueron objeto de prejuicios luchan duramente contra la inmigración principalmente hispana, especialmente la mexicana. Los mexicanos constituyen la mitad de los aproximadamente 12 millones de inmigrantes indocumentados, así como más de la mitad de los 45 millones de inmigrantes que vivimos en este país.
Además del rechazo a la obvia ilegalidad de quienes, por las razones que sean, entran al país o se quedan, quebrantando las leyes, se suman las ideas que enfatizan el riesgo de la infiltración terrorista, la incapacidad de aprender inglés, la transculturización del país por la influencia de la cultura latina y especialmente la influencia mexicana, como elemento de desestabilización de los valores, costumbres e ideologías propias de la nación desde su nacimiento en 1776.
Los nativistas se oponen frontalmente a soluciones inmigratorias coherentes pese a que este país se presenta al mundo como un icono de la igualdad de sus ciudadanos, democracia, libertad; sin importar raza, color ni credo. Diversos estudios llegan a la conclusión de que los temores de que la inmigración hispana representa un gravísimo peligro para la cultura y la población americanas no tienen fundamento.
La repetida idea de que los hijos de los inmigrantes hispanos no aprenden el idioma ni se integran a esta sociedad fue objeto de una importante investigación, recientemente publicada por el Center for Urban Research, de Nueva York, en el libro Inheriting the City. El estudio duró 10 años y se denominó Proyecto Segunda Generación. Durante ese periodo se analizaron a 3,000 jóvenes nacidos en Nueva York, la mayoría entre 20 y 30 años de edad, divididos en 5 grupos: rusos, sudamericanos, chinos e hindúes, comparándolos con ciudadanos americanos blancos, puertorriqueños y afroamericanos. La investigación demostró que la inmensa mayoría domina el inglés como lengua materna y se ha integrado totalmente a la cultura norteamericana.
La diferencia más palpable entre los dos grupos fue que los hijos de inmigrantes absorbieron los mejores valores de las culturas de origen de sus padres, añadiéndoselo a la educación que recibieron en este país, una excelente combinación.
Por otra parte, la plañida idea de que los hispanos no sienten a Estados Unidos como su patria, no sólo ha sido contrariada por los estudios sociológicos, sino por los miles de hombres y mujeres latinos que voluntariamente han ingresado al ejército para defender esta nación frente al terrorismo que vilmente atacó el 11 de septiembre del 2001.
ofmediator@hotmail.com
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